Sv: Hjälp om linfrö - vätecyanid -forskning?
Du kan hitta en del länkar på nätet men ingen som besvarar hur mycket linfrö man kan ge till en häst utan risk för biverkningar. Här är några:
http://www.ehow.com/list_6686192_side-effects-flaxseed-meal.html
“Cyanide Poisoning
Flaxseed meal contains very small amounts of cyanide compounds that, when taken in large doses (more than 10 tbsp. a day), can cause cyanide poisoning. Cyanide poisoning stops the cells' ability to use oxygen and is very similar to the symptoms of suffocation such as weakness, shortness of breath, headache and in severe cases coma, seizures and death. Cooking flaxseed destroys the cyanide compounds.”
http://www.aahealth.org/physicianslink/bioterrorism_cyanide_handouts.asp
What is cyanide?
Cyanide is a naturally occurring poison that can be concentrated in the form of a colorless gas, blue or clear liquid, or powdery white solid. Depending on the form of cyanide, the poison has many different names such as hydrogen cyanide (gas), hydrocyanic acid (liquid) or cyanide salts (solids). Any form of cyanide may have an odor of bitter almonds.
Where does cyanide come from?
Small amounts of cyanide occur naturally in some foods such as cherry laurel and cassava root. Larger concentrations of cyanide are generated for uses in industry such as gold mining, fumigation and electroplating.
How long does cyanide stay in the environment?
Cyanide gas disperses quickly (within minutes in open air). Liquid forms are more stable but may still evaporate quickly once exposed to the atmosphere. Solid forms are stable and will remain dangerous.
How might I be exposed to cyanide?
Cyanide can be inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin to cause cyanide poisoning. Accidental cyanide poisoning can occur in industrial accidents or by eating foods that naturally contain cyanide. Intentional use of cyanide for terrorism activities is another possible way you can be exposed to cyanide in any of its gas, liquid or solid forms.
What immediate health symptoms can be caused by cyanide?
Exposure to a significant dose of cyanide can cause headache, confusion, nausea, weakness and shortness of breath. Cyanide exposure may lead to convulsions, coma, and death. Additional symptoms depend on how you are exposed to cyanide, for instance a sore throat and a burning sensation can occur with ingestion of cyanide.
What are the long-term effects of cyanide poisoning?
Acute poisoning generally has no long-term effects. In severe cases, however, there may be residual damage to the heart or nervous system. Chronic poisoning - when a person has been exposed to low levels of cyanide over long periods of time, as occurs with certain industrial workers - may have additional effects.”
http://www.enotalone.com/article/9290.html
Side Effects and Warnings
There are few studies of flaxseed safety in humans. Flaxseed and flaxseed oil supplements do appear to be well tolerated in the available research, and there is long-standing historical use of flaxseed products without many reports of side effects. However, unripe flaxseed pods are believed to be poisonous and should not be eaten. Raw flaxseed or flaxseed plant may increase blood levels of cyanide, a toxic chemical (this effect has not been reported when flaxseed supplements are taken at recommended doses). Do not apply flaxseed or flaxseed oil to open wounds or broken skin.
Based on animal studies, overdose of flaxseed may cause shortness of breath, rapid breathing, weakness, or difficulty walking, and may cause seizures or paralysis. Theoretically, flaxseed (not flaxseed oil) may increase the risk of cell damage from a reaction called oxidative stress. Studies report conflicting results in this area. Based on one study, flaxseed or flaxseed oil taken by mouth may cause mania or hypomania in people with bipolar disorder. In theory, the laxative effects of flaxseed (not flaxseed oil) may cause diarrhea, increased number of bowel movements, and abdominal discomfort. Laxative effects are reported in several studies of people taking flaxseed or omega-3 acids. Large amounts of flaxseed by mouth may cause the intestines to stop moving (ileus). People with diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, diverticulitis, or inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) should avoid flaxseed due to its possible laxative effects. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are reported in two individuals shortly after taking flaxseed products by mouth; these reactions may have been caused by allergy.
Taking a large amount of flaxseed ( not flaxseed oil) by mouth may cause obstruction of the intestines, especially when flaxseed is taken with too little fluid. It is recommended that the amount of seed be taken with ten times that amount of water or other liquid. People with narrowing of the esophagus or intestine, ileus, or bowel obstruction should avoid flaxseed ( not flaxseed oil). Individuals with high blood triglycerides should avoid flaxseed and flaxseed oil due to unclear effects on triglyceride levels in animal research. People with diabetes should use caution if taking flaxseed products by mouth, as the omega-3 fatty acids in flaxseed and flaxseed oil may increase blood sugar levels. This increase is reported in one study of adults with type 2 diabetes who were treated with omega-3 fatty acids for one month, but the effect is not reported in another study of people taking flaxseed (50 grams) by mouth.
One study reports that the menstrual period may be altered in women who take 10 grams of flaxseed powder by mouth daily. Due to the possible estrogen-like effects of flaxseed ( not flaxseed oil), it should be used cautiously in women with hormone sensitive conditions such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, uterine fibroids, or cancer of the breast, uterus, or ovary. Some natural medicine textbooks advise caution in patients with hypothyroidism, although little scientific information is available in this area. Flaxseed and flaxseed oil may increase the risk of bleeding, based on early studies that show decreased clotting of blood. In human studies, people taking alpha-linolenic acid, a substance present in flaxseed, have bled longer in laboratory tests, but dangerous bleeding problems have not been reported in the available scientific literature. Caution is advised in patients with bleeding disorders, in people taking drugs that increase the risk of bleeding, and in people planning to undergo medical, surgical, or dental procedures. Dosing of blood-thinning medications may need to be adjusted. In animal studies, flaxseed has increased the number of red blood cells.
Several studies in humans report an increased risk of prostate cancer in men taking alpha-linolenic acid (which is present in flaxseed) by mouth. One small study of men with prostate cancer reports that flaxseed supplements do not increase prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. Until more information is available, men with prostate cancer or at risk for prostate cancer should avoided flaxseed and alpha-linolenic acid supplements.
http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/cyanide.html
“Animal studies have suggested that oral exposure to cassava (a cyanide-containing vegetable) may be associated with malformations in the fetus and low fetal body weights.”
Chronic Effects (Noncancer):
Chronic exposure to cyanide in humans via inhalation results in effects on the CNS, such as headaches, dizziness, numbness, tremor, and loss of visual acuity. (1,2)
Other effects in humans include cardiovascular and respiratory effects, an enlarged thyroid gland, and irritation to the eyes and skin. (1,5)
Animal studies have reported effects on the nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems.”
